AFH Chapter 1-7 Safety Considerations

 

Safety Considerations 

 

In the interest of safety and good habit pattern formation, there are certain basic flight safety practices and procedures that should be emphasized by the flight instructor, and adhered to by both instructor and learner, beginning with the very first dual instruction flight. 

 

These include, but are not limited to, collision avoidance procedures including proper scanning techniques and clearing procedures, runway incursion avoidance, stall awareness, positive transfer of controls, and flight deck workload management.

 

 

 

Collision Avoidance 

 

All pilots should be alert to the potential for midair collision and impending loss of separation. 

 

The general operating and flight rules in 14 CFR part 91 set forth the concept of “see and avoid.” 

 

This concept requires that vigilance shall be maintained at all times by each person operating an aircraft regardless of whether the operation is conducted under IFR or VFR. 

 

Pilots should also keep in mind their responsibility for continuously maintaining a vigilant lookout regardless of the type of aircraft being flown and the purpose of the flight. 

Most midair collision accidents and reported near midair collision incidents occur in good VFR weather conditions and during the hours of daylight. 

 

Most of these accident/incidents occur within 5 miles of an airport and/or near navigation aids. [Figure 1-10]

 

The “see and avoid” concept relies on knowledge of the limitations of the human eye and the use of proper visual scanning techniques to help compensate for these limitations. 

 

Pilots should remain constantly alert to all traffic movement within their field of vision, as well as periodically scanning the entire visual field outside of their aircraft to ensure detection of conflicting traffic. 

 

Remember that the performance capabilities of many aircraft, in both speed and rates of climb/descent, result in high closure rates limiting the time available for detection, decision, and evasive action. [Figure 1-11]

 

 

 

The probability of spotting a potential collision threat increases with the time spent looking outside, but certain techniques may be used to increase the effectiveness of the scan time. 

 

The human eyes tend to focus somewhere, even in a featureless sky. 

 

In order to be most effective, the pilot should shift glances and refocus at intervals. 

 

Most pilots do this in the process of scanning the instrument panel, but it is also important to focus outside to set up the visual system for effective target acquisition. 

 

Pilots should also realize that their eyes may require several seconds to refocus when switching views between items on the instrument panel and distant objects. 

 

Proper scanning requires the constant sharing of attention with other piloting tasks, thus it is easily degraded by psychological and physiological conditions such as fatigue, boredom, illness, anxiety, or preoccupation. 

 

Effective scanning is accomplished with a series of short, regularly-spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. 

 

Each movement should not exceed 10 degrees, and each area should be observed for at least 1 second to enable detection. 

 

Although horizontal back-and-forth eye movements seem preferred by most pilots, each pilot should develop a scanning pattern that is comfortable and adhere to it to assure optimum scanning. 

 

Peripheral vision can be most useful in spotting collision threats from other aircraft. 

 

Each time a scan is stopped and the eyes are refocused, the peripheral vision takes on more importance because it is through this element that movement is detected.

 

 

 

Apparent movement is usually the first perception of a collision threat and probably the most important because it is the discovery of a threat that triggers the events leading to proper evasive action. 

 

It is essential to remember that if another aircraft appears to have no relative motion, it is likely to be on a collision course. 

 

If the other aircraft shows no lateral or vertical motion, but is increasing in size, the observing pilot needs to take immediate evasive action to avoid a collision. 

 

The importance of, and the proper techniques for, visual scanning should be taught at the very beginning of flight training. 

 

The competent flight instructor should be familiar with the visual scanning and collision avoidance information contained in AC 90-48, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance, and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). 

 

There are many different types of clearing procedures. 

 

Most are centered around the use of clearing turns. 

 

The essential idea of the clearing turn is to be certain that the next maneuver is not going to proceed into another aircraft’s flightpath. 

 

Some pilot training programs have hard and fast rules, such as requiring two 90° turns in opposite directions before executing any training maneuver. 

 

Other types of clearing procedures may be developed by individual flight instructors. 

 

Whatever the preferred method, the flight instructor should teach the beginning learner an effective clearing procedure and insist on its use. 

 

The learner should execute the appropriate clearing procedure before all turns and before executing any training maneuver. 

 

Proper clearing procedures, combined with proper visual scanning techniques, are the most effective strategy for collision avoidance. 

 

In case of pilot incapacitation, an installed Emergency Autoland (EAL) system may take control of an airplane, navigate to an airport, and land without additional human intervention. 

 

Currently, these systems take no evasive action in response to potential impact with another aircraft, although they transmit over the radio. 

 

Pilots should avoid the path of any aircraft under the control of an EAL or suspected as under the control of an EAL system. 

 

The Emergency Procedures chapter in this handbook contains additional information about these systems. 

 

 

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