AFH Chapter 1-8 Runway Incursion Avoidance

Runway Incursion Avoidance 

 

A runway incursion is any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of separation with an aircraft taking off, landing, or intending to land. 

 

The three major areas contributing to runway incursions are communications, airport knowledge, and flight deck procedures for maintaining orientation. [Figure 1-12]

 

Taxi operations require constant vigilance by the entire flight crew, not just the pilot taxiing the airplane. 

 

During flight training, the instructor should emphasize the importance of vigilance during taxi operations. 

 

Both the learner and the flight instructor need to be continually aware of the movement and location of other aircraft and ground vehicles on the airport movement area. 

 

Many flight training activities are conducted at non-tower controlled airports. 

 

The absence of an operating airport control tower creates a need for increased vigilance on the part of pilots operating at those airports. [Figure 1-13]

 

Planning, clear communications, and enhanced situational awareness during airport surface operations reduces the potential for surface incidents. 

 

Safe aircraft operations can be accomplished and incidents eliminated if the pilot is properly trained early on and throughout their flying career on standard taxi operating procedures and practices. 

 

This requires the development of the formalized teaching of safe operating practices during taxi operations. 

 

The flight instructor is the key to this teaching.

 

 

 

The flight instructor should instill in the learner an awareness of the potential for runway incursion, and should emphasize the runway incursion avoidance procedures. 

 

For more information and a list of additional references, refer to Chapter 14 of the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge.

 

Stall Awareness

 

14 CFR part 61, section 61.87 (d)(10) and (e)(10) require that a student pilot who is receiving training for a single-engine or multiengine airplane rating or privileges, respectively, log flight training in stalls and stall recoveries prior to solo flight. [Figure 1-14] 

 

During this training, the flight instructor should emphasize that the direct cause of every stall is an excessive angle of attack (AOA). 

 

The student pilot should fully understand that there are several flight maneuvers that may produce an increase in the wing’s AOA, but the stall does not occur until the AOA becomes excessive. 

 

This critical AOA varies from 16°–20° depending on the airplane design. [Figure 1-15]

 

 

 

The flight instructor should emphasize that low speed is not necessary to produce a stall. 

 

The wing can be brought to an excessive AOA at any speed. 

 

High pitch attitude is not an absolute indication of proximity to a stall. 

 

Some airplanes are capable of vertical flight with a corresponding low AOA. 

 

Most airplanes are quite capable of stalling at a level or near level pitch attitude. 

 

The key to stall awareness is the pilot’s ability to visualize the wing’s AOA in any particular circumstance, and thereby be able to estimate his or her margin of safety above stall. 

 

This is a learned skill that should be acquired early in flight training and carried through the pilot’s entire flying career. 

 

The pilot should understand and appreciate factors such as airspeed, pitch attitude, load factor, relative wind, power setting, and aircraft configuration in order to develop a reasonably accurate mental picture of the wing’s AOA at any particular time. 

 

It is essential to safety of flight that pilots take into consideration this visualization of the wing’s AOA prior to entering any flight maneuver. 

 

Chapter 3, Basic Flight Maneuvers, discusses stalls in detail.

 

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